Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Description of Stock Plans

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Description of Stock Plans
 9 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Description of Stock Plans
Description of Stock Plans
Employee Stock Plan
The Company is currently issuing stock awards under the Amended and Restated Digital Turbine, Inc. 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”), which was approved and adopted by our stockholders by written consent on May 23, 2012. No future grants will be made under the previous plan, the 2007 Employee, Director and Consultant Stock Plan (the “2007 Plan”). The 2011 Plan and 2007 Plan are collectively referred to as "Digital Turbine's Incentive Plans." In the year ended March 31, 2015, in connection with the acquisition of Appia (i.e., DT Media), the Company assumed the Appia, Inc. 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (the “Appia Plan”). Digital Turbine’s Incentive Plans and the Appia Plan are all collectively referred to as the “Stock Plans.”
The 2011 Plan provides for grants of stock-based incentive awards to our and our subsidiaries’ officers, employees, non-employee directors, and consultants. Awards issued under the 2011 Plan can include stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock, and restricted stock units (sometimes referred to individually or collectively as “Awards”). Stock options may be either “incentive stock options” (“ISOs”), as defined in Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or non-qualified stock options (“NQSOs”).
The 2011 Plan reserves 20,000,000 shares for issuance, of which 7,159,118 and 8,685,457 remained available for future grants as of December 31, 2019 and March 31, 2019, respectively. The change over the comparative period represents stock option grants, stock option forfeitures/cancellations, and restricted shares/units of common stock of 1,738,750 shares, 397,321 shares, and 184,910 shares, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

Awards of restricted stock units ("RSUs") may be either grants of time-based restricted units or performance-based restricted units that are issued at no cost to the recipient. The cost of these awards is determined using the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. No capital transaction occurs until the units vest, at which time they are converted to restricted or unrestricted stock. Compensation expense for RSUs with a time condition is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Compensation expense for RSUs with a performance condition are recognized on a straight-line basis based on the most likely attainment scenario, which is re-evaluated each period.
In June 2018, the Company issued 232,558 RSUs to its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The shares vest over three years. The fair value of the shares on the date of issuance was $400.
In May 2019, the Company issued 109,416 RSUs to its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The shares vest over three years. The fair value of the shares on the date of issuance was $413.
With respect to RSUs, the Company expensed $68 and $152 during the three and nine months ended December 31, 2019, respectively, and $50 and $90 during the three and nine months ended December 31, 2018, respectively.
Stock Option Agreements
Stock options granted under Digital Turbine's Stock Plans typically vest over a three-to-four year period. These options, which are granted with option exercise prices equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant, generally expire up to ten years from the date of grant. Compensation expense for all stock options is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.
Stock Option Activity
The following table summarizes stock option activity for the Stock Plans for the periods or as of the dates indicated:
 
 
Number of
Shares
 
Weighted Average
Exercise Price (per share)
 
Weighted Average
Remaining Contractual
Life (in years)
 
Aggregate Intrinsic
Value (in thousands)
Options Outstanding, March 31, 2019
 
9,128,885

 
$
1.80

 
7.31
 
$
16,347

Granted
 
1,738,750

 
4.34

 
 
 
 
Forfeited / Cancelled
 
(397,321
)
 
1.78

 
 
 
 
Exercised
 
(2,169,876
)
 
1.72

 
 
 
 
Options Outstanding, December 31, 2019
 
8,300,438

 
2.36

 
7.15
 
39,656

Vested and expected to vest (net of estimated forfeitures) at December 31, 2019 (a)
 
7,413,546

 
2.29

 
6.97
 
35,900

Exercisable, December 31, 2019
 
5,119,274

 
$
2.15

 
6.28
 
$
25,517

(a) For options vested and expected to vest, options exercisable, and options outstanding, the aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between Digital Turbine's closing stock price on December 31, 2019 and the exercise price multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders, had the holders exercised their options on December 31, 2019. The intrinsic value changes based on changes in the price of the Company's common stock.
Information about options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2019 is as follows:
 
 
Options Outstanding
 
Options Exercisable
Exercise Price
 
Number of Shares
 
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
 
Weighted-Average Remaining Life (Years)
 
Number of Shares
 
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
$0.51 - 1.00
 
1,591,790

 
$
0.73

 
6.84
 
828,032

 
$
0.73

$1.01 - 1.50
 
1,863,050

 
$
1.29

 
6.60
 
1,718,255

 
$
1.30

$1.51 - 2.00
 
1,024,212

 
$
1.67

 
8.31
 
492,253

 
$
1.66

$2.01 - 2.50
 
560,778

 
$
2.23

 
8.30
 
250,156

 
$
2.21

$2.51 - 3.00
 
535,958

 
$
2.59

 
4.34
 
535,958

 
$
2.59

$3.51 - 4.00
 
1,812,650

 
$
3.89

 
8.15
 
680,783

 
$
3.93

$4.01 - 4.50
 
475,000

 
$
4.13

 
4.78
 
475,000

 
$
4.13

$4.51 - 5.00
 
60,000

 
$
4.65

 
3.24
 
60,000

 
$
4.65

$5.01 and over
 
377,000

 
$
6.32

 
9.03
 
78,837

 
$
5.96

 
 
8,300,438

 
2.36

 
7.15
 
5,119,274

 
2.15


Other information pertaining to stock options for the Stock Plans for the nine months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, as stated in the table below, is as follows:
 
 
December 31,
 
 
2019
 
2018
Total fair value of options vested
 
$
2,028

 
$
1,202

Total intrinsic value of options exercised (a)
 
$
10,364

 
$
192

(a) The total intrinsic value of options exercised represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the stock price at exercise and the exercise price multiplied by the number of options exercised) that was received by the option holders who exercised their options during the nine months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
During the nine months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company granted options to purchase 1,738,750 and 1,349,925 shares of its common stock, respectively, to employees with weighted-average grant-date fair values of $4.34 and $1.64, respectively.
At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there was $3,547 and $2,194 of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, respectively, net of estimated forfeitures, related to unvested stock options expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.16 and 2.01 years, respectively.
Valuation of Awards
For stock options granted under Digital Turbine’s Stock Plans, the Company typically uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options at grant date. The Black-Scholes option pricing model incorporates various assumptions, including volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rates, and dividend yields. The assumptions utilized in this model for options granted during the nine months ended December 31, 2019 are presented below.

 
December 31, 2019
Risk-free interest rate
 
1.67% to 2.25%
Expected life of the options
 
5.35 to 9.83 years
Expected volatility
 
65% to 66%
Expected dividend yield
 
—%
Expected forfeitures
 
27% to 29%

Expected volatility is based on a blend of implied and historical volatility of the Company's common stock over the most recent period commensurate with the estimated expected term of the Company’s stock options. The Company uses this blend of implied and historical volatility, as well as other economic data, because management believes such volatility is more representative of prospective trends. The expected term of an award is based on historical experience and on the terms and conditions of the stock awards granted to employees.
Total stock compensation expense for the Company’s Stock Plans for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2019, which includes both stock options and restricted stock, was $917 and $2,514, respectively. Total stock compensation expense for the Company’s Stock Plans for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2018, which includes both stock options and restricted stock, was $631 and $1,781, respectively. Please refer to Note 11. "Capital Stock Transactions" regarding restricted stock.